Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Abnormal Psychology EssayAbnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior. Abnormal behavior is disruptive in classes unable to control tempers and loud. Abnormal Phycology is when some wholenesss thoughts atomic number 18 cause them discomfort and they act on it. This will then allow someone to be diagnosed mentally Ill. Normal PsychologySee more Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essayNormal psychology is the study of the human behavior and the mind. It is stereotype in way that judges criteria are normal or abnormal. Normal psychology is a common way to diagnose behavior by the ability to be Maladaptive. Two aspects make this flexible and common. Maladaptive to ones self is the inability to reach goals, and to adapt to the everyday demands of life. Also there is Maladaptive to society, the interference in social functioning.(Spoor 1999) Being in each of these categories someone would be diagnosed men tally ill. Comparison of Normal and Abnormal PsychologyNormal Psychology and abnormal psychology works together because they both are decisions made that people chose to react to. In a normal setting someone can be sitting and reading a book quietly. thus another person comes along and makes loud distracting noises that the person either chooses to adhere to or ignore. Abnormal psychology has worked out more problems that were associated with normal psychology. Therapies and treatments are advanced, illnesses and disorders are common and frequent, and studies are in depth. The root of normal psychology has attached itself to abnormal psychology. The study of how a person feels, thinks, interprets, and behaves is the root of both of these psychological paths and they are intertwined.

Priestleys main aim in the Inspector calls Essay Example for Free

Priestleys main aim in the inspector calls EssayThe play An quizzer Calls was written by John Boynton Priestley in the year 1946. The strange thing about this book is that the play was set in the year 1912. I study that there was a very good reason why this play was set in the year 1912, because the character Mr logrolling says to his son and his future son in law dont worry about all of the war scares because they are all bluff and that there wont be any wars where as us, as the audience, no that there will be future wars for them, because we have passed 2 wars. This is called dramatic irony, because us as the audience no something that the characters dont.The characters in this play dont get that there will be a war where as us as the audience do, because the play was written after the 2 wars (world wars). From investigation of the Inspector Goole, there were 5 characters who where affected. The affections may have been guilt, sympathy from this girl Eva Smith dieing (most probably to do with emotions), or even from the hope of the whole story acquire out to the newspapers. These characters are Mr Arthur Birling, Miss Sheila Birling, Mrs Sybil Birling, Mr Eric Birling, and Mr Gerald Croft.Mr Arthur Birling is a self made man whose priority is to make money, Its my duty to keep labour cost down. Birling is cunning in a way, for he has welcomed Gerald Croft whose dad is a very successful business man, and if he has the Crofts as his family, then he has more transfigure in gaining money by joining the 2 different companies as 1, for he doesnt have to lower the costs of products to gain more customers than the croft company. Mr Birling perpetually thinks for himself, for he doesnt care for Eva Smith, scarce just wants his Knighthood.The funny thing about Mr Birling is that he thinks the whole world evolves around money and that anyone would accept it and satisfy a bribe, Look, Inspector Id give thousands. I believe that Mr Birling represents Priest leys hatred towards businessmen who are only interested in the money going up. At the start of the play Sheila is very pleased with life. Sheilas response to the tragedy of Eva Smiths death is very sad and she has learned from her behaviour. She is upset for the death of Eva Smiths death, and takes blame for her death.She is very broken by the girls suicide and thinks that her fathers behaviour was also unacceptable. When Sheila finds out the death of Eva Smith, she says she never meant to harm her, and knows her behaviour was very bad. Not only is Sheila prepared to admit her faults, but she also appears to be keen and anxious to change her behaviour in the future, Ill never, never do it again. Sheila remains calm and mature about the open frame up of her engagement with Gerald. From the inspector hoax, I believe that Sheila has learned her responsibilities to others and the less fortunate than herself.

Human resource strategy proposal for bp

Human resource system proposal for bp1.1 IntroductionThe changes in business and the shock of sphericalisation on increased competitiveness have pushed organisations to in merged a strategic entree to sympathetic resource management (HRM) to achieve competitive wages. dodge is defined by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), (http//books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=zXG_lJ8BrMwCoi=fndpg=PR9dq=the+key+to+improved+business+performanceots=GLUULx2eFZsig=I9jHj5YhE5QIBmWYn-o-U0NvDlcv=onepageqf=false).On tonal pattern.(Accessed 05 Mar. 2011) as a plan that integrates the goals, policies and fill of an organisation into a cohesive whole. Fundamentally let outline is concerned with achieving a competitive advantage. By adopting a strategic approach to HRM, organisations seek to manage its gracious resources in a coherent approach that replicate the business strategy.CIPD rulings strategic HRM from two main perspectives, CIPD, Online.(http//www.cipd.co.uk/sub jects/corpstrtgy/general/strathrm.htm?IsSrchRes=1).(Accessed 05 Mar. 11)The ways in which an organisation achieves its business goals by putting in place activities that support and guide employees behaviour.And the manner in which the human resources and activities are planned to achieve the business goals.Therefore, strategic HRM is an integrated approach that aligns the internal and extraneous context of an organisation for organisational performance, that is, a strategic perish between strategic intent and organisation resources. In order to suggest an bewitch human resource strategy for BPs human resource issues (appendix), this paper shall adopt an integrated approach to the various views of strategic HRM Best Fit, Resource found and Best Practices approach.1.2 Best FitThe surpass fit view is all about the vertical integration. It is a contingency view in which an organisation connect its business strategy (external market) and indivi dual performance (internal environmen t) to create an effective HR policies and make outs and achieve competitive advantage. Beardwell J and Claydon T., Human Resource steering A coeval Approach (Prentice Hall, 2010) used the life cycle and competitive advantage model to explain the best fit approach.The life cycle model links the attach HR confides to the different stages in the life cycle of a business. This model suggests that the HR policies at start up result differ with those during an organisations growth, mature and lineage phase. Drawing evidence from BPs website, a statistical review in June 2010 by then BPs CEO, Tony Howard, BP,(http//www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023752contentId=7044473).Online .(Accessed 05 Mar.2011), shows a sharp decline on ledger in planetary energy consumption and falling energy prices caused by global recession which is likely to continue in the long term. This decline in global energy consumption will affect energy companies especially BP which is a major pl ayer in the energy market with its huge global presence. Assuming this trend continues as predicted, this would set BPs business life cycle at its mature or decline phase. This means the HR strategy for BP will be one of downsizing and redundancy of employees but which needs to retain viability and contribute to sustainable competitive advantage. This dual strategy will modify BP to master the present while preparing for the future eventualities. A proposed strategy will be to retain ut near performance staff, recruit less and train staffs to multi task.On the other hand, the competitive advantage model argues that HR practices work best when adapted to the competitive strategy Redman T and Wilkinson A., contemporary Human Resource focus (Prentice Hall, 2009). The model identifies three types of strategic behaviour which so-and-so be linked to BPs HR practices defenders, prospectors and analysers.Defenders operate in small niche market producing high caliber products and servic es backed by high prices.Prospectors are more conciliatory and use innovative strategy to change product line instead often.Analysers are less innovative but stable and high-octane and will only enter the market when it is risk free.Evidence from BPs website, (http//www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=9025115contentId=7047794).Online.(Accessed 05 Mar. 2011) shows that innovations and technology and an efficient energy are a priority to play the challenges to meet energy demand and environmental concern. Therefore, to gain competitive advantage BP could adopt a dual strategy of make defender and buy prospector to remain both innovative and efficient at a lower operating cost. That is a make strategy that invests in employees to seek efficiency and a buy strategy for revolutionary technology to remain innovative in the market. This is a similar dual strategy approach that has been successfully used by the Singapore Airlines (SIA), (http//www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/ftmsc/m odules/modulelist/pop/articles/singapore_airlines.pdf).Online.(Accessed 05 Mar. 2011) that adopts a cost reduction strategy while providing premium services.The best fit view has been warmly criticised for its lack of flexibility in a dynamic changing environment. To achieve dynamic fit and given that BP is an innovative, a high risk taker, results oriented, flexible to change, quality and process focus company, it should capture a human capital pool with these broad range of skills that will promote behavioural flexibility among its employees. This should supporter solve the problem of flexibility in changing environment.1.3 Resource Based View (RBV)The resource based view is a paradigm shift from the best fit approach that draws on the internal resources of an organisation. It is particularly applicable in un certain external environment and focuses on achieving uniqueness and sustainable competitive advantage with the manipulation of an organisations resources. The VRIO (Valu e, Rarity, Inimitable, Organisation) framework, Beardwell J. and Claydon T., Human Resource Management A contemporary Approach (Prentice Hall, 2010), is a helpful tool to explain RBV relationship and formulation of a strategy.Value is all about the impact of HR contribution through improved customer service and customer added value.Rarity is simply to exploit rarefied characteristics of the firms human resources to gain competitive advantage.Inimitability means recognising an organisations unique history and culture to develop unique practices and behaviours that make it difficult for competitors to copy.Organisation is integrating internal resources into a coherent system so that they can capitalise on adding value, rarity and inimitability.The VRIO framework has been successfully used by the Singapore Airlines, (http//www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/ftmsc/modules/modulelist/pop/articles/singapore_airlines.pdf).Online.(Accessed 05 Mar. 2011) to develop a set of unique characteristi cs such as replacing its fleets more frequently than do its competitors. As a result, its fleet is young and energy efficient and operates at a lower cost. BPs website (http//www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9025116contentId=7046892) .Online.(Accessed 05 Mar. 2011) shows that BP is very keen on deep sea exploration, an activity other energy companies are afraid to venture into. exploitation this approach, BP can make deep sea exploration its unique culture and develop unique practices such as reading and developing deep sea specialists to make it difficult for its competitors to copy.Implementing HR policies has been a key issue highlighted with the RBV and BP can overcome this by creating opportunities that will improve the discretionary behaviour of both line managers and employees such as team running(a), formulation and development schemes, long term employment security and better pay structure.1.4 Best PracticeBest practice or high commitment human resource p ractices are a distinctive set of successful HR practices which firms can adopt irrespective of their conniption and which will lead to improvement in performance. Due to the global economic crisis, most organisations are now adopting a policy of negotiating reduced wages to aver labor security and employment commitment. In same way, BP can adopt this best practice and integrate it with others that are specific to its needs. The BPs career webpage What BP is looking for For, (http//www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9031574contentId=7057908).Online.(Accessed 11 Mar. 2011), shows that BP is committed to developing leaders and supporting its employees through continuous improvement. Therefore, the appropriate best practices for BP should focus on enhancing the skill base of employees and this could be achieved through HR activities such as introducing succession planning scheme to train future leaders, comprehensive training and development opportunities, make outive staffing, results based performance and working in teams.1.5 Recommended Strategy and Main FeaturesThe recommended human resource strategy for BP to adopt will be one that integrates all the key features of best fit, RBV and best practice views proposed above and as explained in the table below.Key Strategic FeaturesExplanationLeadership Qualities A PriorityManagement should introduce comprehensive leadership training and development programmes.A succession planning scheme should be encouraged and practiced.Recruitment process should be call forive and make leadership qualities a priorityA Deep Sea Organisational CultureEmployees should be encouraged to be innovative, take risk, results oriented, flexible to change, quality and process focus.There should be continuous training for specialists and high investment in deep sea exploration.Management should invest in employees to seek efficiency.Combined Organisational and Industrial Best Policy and Practice conduct high performance st aff, recruit less and train staff to multi task.Negotiate reduce wages to maintain job security and employment commitment consecutive training programme for all employees to develop a broad range of skills.Team working should be encouraged to improve on discretionary behaviour.1.6 endingStrategic HRM is a complex process which is forever evolving. The HRM strategy identified above is unique to BP in terms of the evidence found from its website and its major human resource issues discussed during the module session. The strategy adopts an integrated approach of best fit and resource based incorporating best practice as seen fit. Given that the economy is constantly changing, flexibilities have been imbued in the proposed strategy to make it dynamically feasible.2.0 STRATEGIC RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS2.1 IntroductionThe biggest asset in any organisation is its people. In order to remain a high performance company and stay competitive, BP needs to attract and nurture the we ll(p)ly people with the right talent and right leadership qualities. Therefore, BPs HR practices and policies will play an important role for managing its people and achieving its business objectives.The challenges faced by BP to manage its people can be categorised as, BP,(http//www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9031553contentId=7057895).Online.(Accessed 02 Mar. 2011)Attracting, developing and retaining talent.Shortage of skilled personnel.Developing a true leadership.Developing corporate social responsibilityTransferring key knowledge and relationships.Responding to these challenges, BP has introduced a subprogram of initiatives BP, (http//www.bp.com/subsection.do?categoryId=2319contentId=7060032) Online.(Accessed 02 Mar. 2011). Though these measures are good, a strategic enlisting and survival process can be adopted to tackle these challenges.2.2 Strategic Recruitment and Selection Process. fit to a survey by CIPD, Annual take after Report 2007 Recruitment, Retent ion and Turnover (CIPD, 2007) only 51% of the organisations surveyed in the UK had a resourcing strategy. Given that eight in ten of the employers ranked recruiting as a top priority in resourcing, it becomes imperative for BP to develop a recruiting strategy.To source the right type of employees, BP can select its talents internally, externally, use a combination of both or adopt alternative methods. The internal approach is a traditional method where employees are given priorities for fill vacancies before an external source is considered. The advantage with this method is that it motivates employees, improves their morale and provides them with opportunities for career progression. However, internal sourcing is expensive and generally leads to inbreeding and lack of creativity while external enlisting brings in fresh ideas and skills by hiring employees with different backgrounds.Whatever method BP decides to use, it is crucial that BP adopts a strategic approach that will ident ify the skills required before selecting the most suitable people to meet the human resource needs of an organisation Boxall P. and Purcell J., Strategy and Human Resource Management, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). Furthermore, Beardwell J. and Claydon T., Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach (Prentice Hall, 2010) emphasis this need of a strategic approach as a prime source of competitive advantage to ensure the organisation has the right people in the right place at the right time. The strategic recruitment and selection process include techniques that stretch from attracting, selection and induction.2.2.1 Attracting Talents BPs cross StrategyCIPD, (http//www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/employer- set.aspx) .Accessed 03 Mar. 2011) defined employers brandas a set of attributes and qualities often intangible that makes an organisation distinctive, promises a particular kind of employment experience, and appeals to those people who will thrive and perform best in it s cultureBPs brand strategy will depend on its brand strength and how it differs from its competitors. A useful strategic approach is that by CIPD A no-nonsense approach, (http//www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/employer-brand.aspx).Online.(Accessed 03 Mar. 2011). In this step-by-step approach, BP will first need to investigate by communicating with top management, the employees, and external talent sources to understand the true perception of its employees experience. Secondly, BP should use the feedbacks from this investigation to create a distinctive Value Propositions (VP) a unique and compelling offer by BP to attract, retain and engage the employees in return for their performance. A suggested unique and compelling VP for BP is shown in fig 1 belowNext BP is to make sure it can deliver on its brand promise. By doing this and thinking about the employees experience not only from the recruitment stage but through induction to authentic work life experience, BP will be usin g its employees to sell itself in a process known as employee mark. Therefore a good employee branding should be reflective of the employee experience as shown in fig 2 belowFinally BP will need to continuously measure, evaluate and review its brand strategy to make sure it is delivering real value.This will be reflected through increase in application and enquiries, employees going the extra mile, and advocating for BP.2.2.2 Strategic Recruiting MethodsGlobalisation and the global economic recession have pushed many employers to search creative employment channels and target a diverse application group. A CIPD report, Annual Survey Report 2007 Recruitment, Retention and Turnover (CIPD, 2007) indicated that local newspaper and corporate website were still dearie routes used by most employers. But due to technological changes and employees alternative for a more flexible approach, organisations are now resorting to online recruitment techniques such as social networking sites like Facebook because they are cost effective and faster. BP a strong promoter of diversity, (http//www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023446contentId=7058326).Online.(Accessed 05 Mar. 2011), can win the war on diversity by creating a diverse recruitment policy that is inclusive of both the traditional (newspapers and corporate website) channels plus mainstream recruiting channels. Fig 3 portrays the diversity recruitment processTo use both traditional and mainstream recruiting methods such as Newspapers, Universities, E-recruitment, social networking sites, career fairs, and iPhone, to develop a heterogeneous group of applicants.Top management to become involved and support line managers in implementation.To provide management with diversity training.To keep change recruitment practice so as to avoid recruiting every time from same social background and age groups in case it discriminates against certain job seekers.2.2.3 Strategic Selection TechniquesStrategic recruitmen t is a continuous process and includes adopting the right selection techniques. There are different techniques organisations have used to select potential employees interviews, integrity test, curriculum vitae, assessment centres and psychometric tests. CIPD, Annual Survey Report 2007 Recruitment, Retention and Turnover (CIPD, 2007) reported that local newspapers and corporate websites were still favourite routes used by most employers though the psychometric and assessment centres have been popular. Whatever method BP chooses, it is important that the method is reliable and valid. Reliability measures the accuracy and physical structure of the selection test while validity measures its predictability.The psychometric test has typically been associated with the best practice for employee selection Redman T and Wilkinson A, Contemporary Human Resource Management (Prentice Hall, 2009). The psychometric tests are designed to accurately measure a candidates knowledge, abilities and per sonality traits. These tests have become popular with recruiters because they are designed to be reliable and predictable and are effective for handling large volumes of applicants.Assessment centres on the other hand focus on behaviours required for the job and involves candidates completing a flesh of different tasks as part of the selection process CIPD, (http//www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/selection-methods.aspx).Online.(Accessed 05 Mar. 11). BP website shows its corporate website is the preferred selection route (http//www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9031578contentId=7057906) .Online.(Accessed 05 Mar. 2011). But selection is more than just using a particular technique, BP needs to implement a strategic psychometric approach which takes into account a social framework that includes selection as best fit and as an interactive discussion process Redman T and Wilkinson A., Contemporary Human Resource Management, (Prentice Hall, 2009).To adopt a best fit app roach, BP will need to identity element its unique qualities such as values and culture, employment patterns, market segment and use these qualities to differentiate it selection practices from a best practice approach.Furthermore, BP should make its selection process interactive. The HR department should exchange information with other managers that are directly affected. Moreover, negotiation with participants should be a two-way process and designed to be perceived as fair. That is treating participants with respect and dignity, providing them with information and making them part of the whole process.In addition, it is important that BP should provide adequate training courses for all those involved in assessing candidates at all stages of the selection process and that they are adequately briefed about the jobs.2.2.4 InductionIt is the process whereby employees adjust to their jobs and working environment CIPD, (http//www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/induction.aspx).Onli ne.(Accessed 05 Mar. 11). The purpose, which is to ensure a radiate integration of staff into the organisation. BP can make its induction process more effective byMaking induction a vital part of its recruitment process.Designing a well structured induction programme to ensure that all new recruits receive information consistent with BPs values and culture.Carrying out physical orientation to describe where the facilities are and an organisational orientation to show new employees the important role they play in the overall business strategy.Ensuring a quality welcome because employees develop lasting impressions within their first few weeks of working.In a nutshell, if BP decides to adopt a strategic recruitment and selection approach to tackle challenges in its people management it will be vital that BP differentiates its brand strategy from that of its competitors. Furthermore, BP should be able to determine its core competencies to determine the correct recruiting channel(s). F inally, how it assimilates its new employees speak loud about its culture and values.TOTAL WORD COUNT 3000

The hippocratic oath

The hippocratic oathThis is the scenario You be terminally misery, all aesculapian treatments acceptable to you have been exhausted, and the suffering in its different forms is unbearable. Because the unwellness is serious, you recognize that your life is drawing to a close. Euthanasia comes to mind as a way of release. The dilemma is awesome. But it has to be faced. Should you battle on, carry away the wo(e), plunk for the indignity, and await the inevitable end, which may be days, weeks, or months away? Or should you take control of the situation and resort to some form of euthanasia, which in its sophisticated-language exposition has come to mean help with a good finale? (Humphry, 1) The aforementioned circumstance is one that m airsickions of pack meet in the United States each course of study despite the worlds advanced medical technologies, no one has discovered cures for diseases such as layaboutcer or AIDS. Euthanasia is when a doctor intentionally kills a perso n by the administration of drugs at that persons voluntary and competent request. Physician assisted self-annihilation is when a doctor intentionally helps a patient to set up suicide by providing drugs for self-administration at that persons voluntary and competent request. The euthanasia of tender-hearteds probably dates back to the beginning of time but the earliest mention of it mountain be noned in the Hippocratic Oath. The use of the Hippocratic Oath has continued since it was adopted by those in the medical profession but non all types of euthanasia are openly linked to doctors. Uses in colonial the States, Europe during the Holocaust, and even most cases in modern society today do not involve top contact by a doctor.The Hippocratic Oath was written between 400 and 300 B.C. The exact date is not known because the work is likely not that of Hippocrates many professors and higher scholars who taught in that era took the works of their pupils and submitted them as their o wn. This oath is only mentioned in accordance when oral presentation about euthanasia because it is the first document essentially discerning the act of euthanasia. Hippocrates stated I will tell regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my head and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I intimate such a plan and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. In the modern version of the Hippocratic Oath, this has been translated to I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness, I will guard my life and my art. Around the 1970s, many medical schools in America and other countries chose to abandon the use of the Hippo cratic oath as part of their ceremony for graduation so many doctors who treat patients now have no idea what the oath is comprised of. The old Hippocratic Oath is no longer suitable for modern times and is, therefore, hooked to a variety of interpretations. Depending on the individual, such oaths may be perceived critical to the way in which a particular physician perceives himself or herself, or it may be seen as another(prenominal) rite of passage, important in form but unimportant in detail. Even, however, if it is believed to be merely a symbolic rite of passage that does not hold out a part of what an individual thinks he/she is, it does constitute a public avowal and a public pledge. These oaths almost invariably promise, above all, fealty to ones factual or potential patients and to work for their good regardless of religion or lack thereof, race, ethnicity, gender, party or socioeconomic considerations. It is said to be unaffixedly taken and not to have been coerced (L oewy, 1). This being said, most doctors assume that it is morally wrong to kill a patient no matter their medical history or the oath they took at the time of their completion of medical school.When confronted with the concept of human euthanasia, countless people would say that they would want their family member alleviated of pain when in the process of death, so why not provide a catalyst in the process of dying by early euthanization instead of letting them view misery for a longer period? The main question when speaking of physician assisted suicide, or even suicide for medical reasons, is should it be conducted? From The Arguments for Euthanasia, gone U.S. and British advocates typically adduced the same four arguments used today to justify euthanasia 1) It is a human right born of self-determination 2) it would produce to a greater extent good than harm, mainly through pain relief 3) there is no substantive distinction between active euthanasia and the withdrawal of the lif e-sustaining medical interventions and 4) its legalization would not produce deleterious consequence. As Eugene Debs and Dr. Millard claimed in 1913 and 1931, respectively, patients have a right to control the manner of their death and, more(prenominal) specifically, terminally ill patients have the right to a quick and painless death with physicians help (Emanuel, 3). Overall, Eugene Debs and Dr. Millard were correct in their beliefs at the time but as the world has mother industrialized, so have the reasons developed for which euthanasia should be legalized. As stated before, the natural extension of patient rights and alleviation of suffering of terminally ill patients are key points however, now we can see reasons such as minimization of health care costs when it does not aid in the betterment of the patient. Emanuel brings up another great factor in his Arguments for Euthanasia passage when he mentions a passage from A. Bach-Medico-Legal Congress, There are also cases in whic h the ending of human life by physicians is not only morally right, but an act of humanity. I refer to cases of absolutely incurable, fatal and agonizing disease or condition, where death is certain and necessarily attended by excruciating pain, when it is the wish of the victim that a deadly drug should be administered to end his life and terminate his irremediable suffering (Emanuel, 3). Many people have written letters and provided in depth stories as to why they think suicide by the terminally ill is justified. Before Carol Bernstein Ferry took her own life in 2001, she wrote a letter explaining her decision in the hopes that it would contribute to an understanding of euthanasia. That is why I am writing this letter, explaining why I choose to take active steps to end my life rather than waiting for death to come gradually. With his letter I also want to make it clear that, although I have the support and tacit agreement of my children and close friends, no one but myself will t ake the steps that cause death. If is unfortunate that I moldiness say this our laws are at a destructive point just now, so if anyone other than myself actually causes my death, that person will be liable to conviction as a felon. What an absurdity To help someone facing a time-whether short or long-of pain and distress, whose death coming bit by bit can cause major sorrow and anxiety to family and friends, not to mention the medical help, quite useless, that must be expended in order to maintain a bearable level of pain-that this sensible deed can be construed a crime is a taint on tour legal system and on our power of thought (Ferry, 8). Many in government either feel very negatively towards Ferrys spot or are afraid to express their true feelings on the subject as the opposite spectrum of the euthanasia debate-negatives of legalization-is broached. Any of the types of physician assisted suicide, whether it be direct (as in the doctor being present) or indirect (as in the doct or prescribing enough medication to overdose) can be construed as homicide, although it would technically be trying to tell in the case of indirect assistance since many of the amounts of medicine that terminally ill patients take can cause an overdose simply by accident. Much weight is placed on the Hippocratic injunction to do no harm. It has been asserted that sanctioning physician-assisted suicide would give doctors as license to kill, and physicians who get into to such requests have been branded by some as murderers. This is both illogical and inflammatory. Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment-for example, disconnecting a ventilator at a patients request-is recognised by society, yet this requires a more definitive act by a physician than prescribing a medication that a patient has requested and is free to take or not, as he or she sees fit. Why should the latter be perceived as doing harm when the former is not (Rogatz, 31)? When articulating on the subject of euthanasia , most people present the fact that advanced medical technology has made it possible to increase human life span and treat patients in pain as in The Ethics of Euthanasia, It is argued that requests for assisted suicide come largely from patients who havent received adequate pain control or who are clinically depressed and havent been properly diagnosed or treated. There is no question that proper management of such conditions would significantly reduce the number of patients who consider suicide.However, treatable pain is not the only reason, or even the most common reason, why patients seek to end their lives. Severe body wasting, intractable vomiting, urinary and bowel incontinence, immobility, and total dependency are recognized as more important than pain in the desire for hastened death (Rogatz, 31). This stated, the more dependent people become upon their family or people employed to care for them, the more they know that their lives are ready to be over. At this point in ti me, many people who wish to die can simply have themselves removed from whatever machines may be extending their lives though this rarely leads to an immediate death and causes numerous patients to suffer if doctors will not prescribe medication for pain treatment. It is argued that requests for assisted suicide are not frequent enough to warrant changing the law. Interestingly, some physicians say they have rarely, if ever, received such requests, while others say they have often received requests. This is a curious discrepancy, but I think it can be explained the patient who seeks help with suicide will cautiously test a physicians receptivity to the idea and simply wont approach a physician who is unreceptive. Thus, there are two subsets of physicians in this situation those who are open to the idea of assisted suicide and those who arent (Rogatz, 31). This seems to be a trend among authors who loom along the offenses of being protagonists in the line of PAS because Humphry and benevolent also mention the decline of the doctor-patient relationship early in their book. Societal changes and discretionary abuses within the medical community have led to a distrust of the medical profession and a decline in the doctor-patient relationship. This deterioration of confidence is yet another force of activism that has propelled PAS to its current mainstream status. The elements of trust that existed before World war II were strong enough to legitimize a paternalistic attitude on the part of the doctor. But when trust diminished, so did the publics willingness to accept the doctors authority. Patient autonomy, spurred on by the rights culture of the 1960, increased, and with it came further acceptance of the right-to-die movementOpinion surveys have, over the years, inquired into the degree of confidence that Americans have in various institutions including congress, the press, universities, and the medical profession. The declines have been dramatic and nowhere mo re pronounced than in medicine. Looking at confidence in medicine from 1966-1994, the numbers speak for themselves seventy-three pct (1966), forty-three percent (1975), thirty-five percent (1985), and twenty-three percent (1994) (Clement, 35). Granted the studies are quite a bit dated, this was the most up-to-date information when the book was published, and is still the most correctly stand for data used today. It is often argued that once we open the door physician-assisted suicide, we will find ourselves on a slippery slope

Gender differences in the criminal justice system

Gender differences in the venomous jurist dodgingThe Corsten survey (2007) on wowork force in the deplorable justice brass posits that equal outcomes require divergent approaches. Critic altogethery consider this statement with reference to research and practice.In order to leaven that equal outcomes for women do require different approaches within the condemnable justice musical arrangement, this essay intends to look at the behavioural and situational differences between female and male offenders. It willing highlight the inadequate facilities available for female prison houseers. It will also look at the historical differences between crimes committed by males and females and the growing trend of women date in drug offences. This essay will also examine the status of mental health of women within the criminal justice system and explore if this out is more prevalent amongst female offenders.Women and men ar different. Equal treatment of men and women does not topic in equal outcomes. (Corsten Report, 16 2007) According to Covington and heyday (2003) numerous feminist writers deliver demonstrated and documented the patriarchal nature of our society and the variety of ways in which the patriarchal care fors serve mannish occupys. Despite submits to the contrary, masculinist epistemologies atomic come 18 built upon values that promote masculine needs and desires, making completely others invisible (Kaschak, 11 1992).Women argon often invisible in the many angles of the correctional system, and this invisibility can act as a form of oppression. Most prisons and institutions are not specific to womens needs. For example, mother and fuck up units are limited within the prison system. The UK regimen website reports that there are only seven prisons within the UK that provide this service. This service may be perverting to a mother bonding with her child. Another consequence of limited mother and baby units is that the mother and child wi ll be separated and this may result in the child beingness placed with a relative, or in some cases the solicitude of the state.The Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland (CJINI) highlighted inadequate work for women within the prison services in Northern Ireland. ash House is Northern Irelands only female prison and holds up to seventy-one women. This is set(p) within a predominately male prison.Covington and Bloom (2003) argue that there are numerous areas in which day-to-day practice in the criminal justice system ignores behavioural and situational differences between females and male offenders. Probation officers may drive home to consider the situational differences between female and male offenders. For example, recommending a custodial censure for a pregnant woman may keep up long term emotional implications for both mother and child.It is important to note that an understanding of the distinction between sex differences and sex activity differences, are rele vant to practice within the criminal justice system. According to Covington and Bloom (2003) sex differences are biologic eithery determined, however, gender differences are socially constructed. They are charge by society and they relate to expected social roles.However, do crimes committed by men differ from crimes committed by women? The Ministry of Justice statistics 2011 state that women are more likely to commit crimes such as shop lifting and theft, while men are more prone to violent crimes. Pat Carlen (1998 10) notes that womens impounding incorporates and amplifies all the anti-social modes of control that oppress women outside prison. According to Scraton and Moore (2006) what persists is the failure within the criminal justice system to accept that womens crimes are different to mens, committed in different circumstances.The National prison house Survey (1992) supports the literary line of work that the economic, ideological and political conditions in which most wom en break the law are different to those in which most men commit crime and that, therefore, they pose less of a threat to society and could be safely punished in the community. (National Prison Survey, 1992).However, some commentators claim that there is an amplify in some violent and drug offences committed by women. According to Corsten Report (2007) despite an increase in some violent and drugs offences by women, the nature and practicedness of womens offending has not, on the whole, been getting worse and the disproportionate increase in the womens prison population over the last ten years is more likely the result of courts using custody more frequently for women for less serious offences. The Corsten Report (2007) states the majority of female offenders countenance committed non-violent offences and present little risk to the public (Corsten Report, 16 2007)In light of the complexities involved regarding women receiving custodial sentences, should the criminal justice syst em be more lenient towards women? Nicolson and Bibbings (2000) claim that several punishable reformers have been less concerned about whether or not gender factors actually do affect a womans chances of receiving a custodial penalty, and more concerned to argue that, for a variety of reasons, gender good wills should work out sentencing and that women in particular should not receive prison sentences, unless their crimes meet certain criteria of dangerousness and/or seriousness.However, Nicolson and bibbing (2000) argue that the central concept implicit in this argument is not gender, but risk, that is, the degree of threat posed by the offender (Nicolson and Bibbing, 78 2000). If risk should be a major criterion for the imposition of a custodial penalty, it is arguable that it is a criterion that should be applicable in the cases of men, as in the cases of women.Practitioners within the probation service have a duty of care to all members of society. Therefore if a woman poses a risk to society it would be considered appropriate by the probation service to recommend a custodial sentence to prevent risk and protect society.A main argument put forward in regards to differential treatment for women in the criminal justice system is based on assumptions that there are hierarchies of role worth. Women, as mothers, have especially important roles to play in relation to the upbringing of children and that the damage make to children when their mothers are in prison is, in most cases, far too high a price to pay to achieve an appearance of formal compare of punishment between male and female offenders. (Nicolson and Bibbing, 80 2000)The Corsten Report (2007) claims that the home and children define many womens lives. To take this away from them when it may be all that they have causes huge damage to women. Many women still define themselves and are defined by others by their role in the family. It is an important component in our sense of identity and self-estee m. To become a prisoner is to almost become a bad mother. (Corsten Report, 20 2007) On the other hand, this argument depends on the value assigned to certain social roles. According to Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) it could equally be applied to any categories of worker seen to perform life enhancing work or scarce skills, for example, doctors, nurses, fathers as breadwinners, all carers and various more. Therefore, this argument cannot be allowed to remain gender-specific.Hollin and Palmer (2006) state that by examining criminal statistics, it is evident that women are less likely than men to commit crime, to be involved with the criminal justice system and to serve a custodial sentence. According to the Ministry of Justice criminal statistics (2011) there were 351,150 court proceedings involving females and 1,139,135 involving males. In regards to custodial sentencing in 2011, a lower proportion of women in comparison to men, whose pre-sentence report recommended immediate custody w ent on to receive this sentence (84% of women compared to 90% of men). This research indicates that statistically, men are more likely to commit crime.The Corsten Report (2007) further analysed risk within womens role in the criminal justice system and claim that many women involved in the system present a far greater risk to themselves. They have been cleard as more troubled than hard. Many have a history of being subjected to serious sexual or other violent abuse. Many are themselves victims in whose favour the government is committed to rebalance the criminal justice system (Corsten Report, 17 2007).The argument highlighted by the Corsten Report (2007) is that many women in prison have suffered sexual and domestic abuse, therefore, the state should spend more time seeking out and punishing the crimes of sexual and violence that are routinely committed against women, rather than punishing those women whose criminal lifestyles have often been prompted by their past experience wit h their criminal tormentors, who still remain unpunished for their crimes.This could have implications for social work practice. Therefore, past experiences should always been taken into consideration when making recommendations within a probation report. Sexual and domestic abuse may feature to a higher degree in the case of female offenders. This should be highlighted and taken into account when making recommendations.None the less, not all victims of sexual crimes are female and we also need to consider young tribe of all genders. Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) argue that recent research indicates that high proportions of young people who end up homeless, in state care or penal custody have had serious crimes committed against them by adults, who will never be brought to trial. The same research suggests that these adult depredations often occasion their young victims offshoot steps into criminal trouble (Nicolson and Bibbing, 79 2000).Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) argue that recent research indicates that high proportions of young people who end up homeless, in state care or penal custody have had serious crimes committed against them by adults, who will never be brought to trial. The same research suggests that these adult depredations often occasion their young victims first steps into criminal trouble (Nicolson and Bibbing, 79 2000).Nicolson and Bibbing (2000) conclude that although this imbalance of punishment between the old and the young people does not excuse the crimes of young people who were criminally abused in childhood by their elders, it does call into question the states right to punish them as if they were solely to blame for their actions. Therefore, the argument highlighted by the Corsten Report (20007) should not only apply to women who have had criminal offences committed against them in childhood but also men who have been in like manner abused as children.As stated previously, there has been an increase of drug related crimes among wome n. Drug addiction plays a huge part in all offending and this seems to be disproportionately the case with women. Around seventy per cent of women coming into custody require clinical detoxification compared with fifty per cent of men. Women often have more complex poly substance misuse. (Corsten Report, 2007 19) According to the United Nations agency on Drugs and rimes (2008) a large number of female prisoners worldwide are in need of treatment for substance addiction, though only a minority have access to treatment. McIvor (2004) argues that drug use amongst the most common features of women in custody in many countries. In the USA, a national survey showed that women in prison used more drugs and used them more frequently than male prisoners. (McIvor, 2004 143)It is arguable that women withdrawing from drugs and alcoholic drink can be impulsive, volatile and unpredictable, leading to higher risk of self-injury. According to Moller et al (2007) the rate of both self-harm and sel f-inflicted deaths is substantially higher in prisons than in the community, with women being fourteen times more likely than men to injure themselves while in prison.The Corsten Report (2007) supports Moller et al (2007) highlighting that in 2005, notwithstanding the small number of women in prison compared with men, fifty-six percent of all recorded incidents of self-harm occurred in the female estate. In the first nine months of 2006 self-harm incidents in the female estate accounted for 51 per cent of all incidents. Women are also more prone to self-harm repeatedly. Moller et als (2007) argument, backed up by the Corsten Report (2007) brings to light that self-harm in prison is a huge problem and more prevalent among women prisoners. In 2005, over half of all inmates, in the USA, in state or federal prisons and jails met criteria for mixture with a mental health problem. According to Mallach and McIvor (2013) the prison population in England and Wales contains a high prevalenc e of mental health problems, with one study suggesting that over ninety per cent of prisoners have one or more psychiatric disorders.The Corsten Report (2007) argues that mental health problems are far more prevalent among women in prison than in the male prison population or in the general population. Up to eighty per cent of women in prison have diagnosable mental health problems. (Corsten Report, 19 2007) Mallach and McIvor (2013) further reinforce this argument by claiming that female prisoners are considered to be more likely to experience mental health problems and to have more complex levels of mental health need.The above research may have implications for social work practice within the criminal justice system and it is important that mental health is taken into consideration when making recommendations and adequate resources for women with mental health issues should be available within the prison system if they pose a risk to society.In conclusion, this essay has demonstr ated that if society wants equal outcomes for female offenders then it may require different approaches within the criminal justice system. The behavioural and situational differences dictate different approaches are required. This is exemplified in the case of pregnant women who require specific needs and special consideration, as this can have implications for society as a whole. On the other hand, the judicial protection of women could be seen as an ideological front for patriarchy, in that traditional roles are reinforce within society.Historical research indicates that womens offences differ from mens. None the less, there is a growing trend for women to be involved with drug offences. The Carsten Report (2007) has highlighted that mental health problems are far more prevalent among women in prison than in the male prison population. This may be due to the fact that many women in prison have suffered sexual and domestic abuse. This highlights that women are still oppressed wit hin society and that the criminal justice system has failed to recognise this issue. The prison system is also more geared to the needs of male offenders and offers inadequate resources to female offenders.Corston Report. (2007) A review of women with particular vulnerabilities in theCriminal justice system. London Crown Publication.Covington, S and Bloom, B. (2003) Gendered Justice Women in the Criminal Justice System. USA Carolina Academic Press.Hollin, C and Palmer, E. (2006) Criminogenic need and women offenders A critique of the literature. Legal and criminological Psychology, 11, pp179-195.Malloch, M and McIvor, G. (2013) Women, Punishment and Social Justice Human Rights and Penal Practices. London Routledge.McIvor, G. (2004) Women Who Offend. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Mller, L. Gatherer, A. Jrgens, R. Stver, H. Nikogosian, H. (2007) Health in Prisons A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health. WHO Regional Office Europe.Nicolson, D and Bibbings, L. (2000) Feminist Persp ectives on Criminal Law. Cavendish.Scratan, P and Moore, L. (2006) Degardation, Harm and Survival in Womens Prison. Social Policy and Society, 5, pp 67-78.United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008) Handbook for Prison Managers and Policymakers on Women and Imprisonment. United Nations Publications.Warner, J. (2012) Women and Crime. ABC-CLIOCriminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland Report on an announced inspection of Ash House, Hydebank Wood Womens Prison. 18 22 February 2013Ministry of Justice. (2011) Statistics of Women and the Criminal Justice System. https//www.gov.uk/life-in-prison/pregnancy-and-childcare-in-prison Accessed 18/12/2013 20361

The American Clock Essay -- Literary Analysis, Arthur Miller

Arthur miller is a social dramatist who reflects his outlook on the US government, in many of his plays. The peachy slump had a lasting influence on him, which he portrays in The American Clock. Because he was so deeply invasioned by the Depression and the governments role in it, Miller mocks the idealism of the American dream in Death of a Salesman and A View from the Bridge. repayable to his unjust condemnation as a Communist during the McCarthy Era he accuses the faulty court system as culpable. Miller creates John Proctor in, The crucible as a victim during the Salem Witch Trials, to represent himself during the Red Scare. In his plays, Millers characters deal with injustices in order to express Millers view that American law is artificial. Miller exploits law as a common theme in his plays to express his outlook about its corruption. He portrays injustice done to the common man and the confinement of America in All My Sons and Death of a Salesman. Miller reflects his polit ical views in his works, by writing about individualism and his experiences. In many of his works, Arthur Miller expresses contempt for the government, which he holds responsible for his childhood poverty, during the Great Depression, and adult persecutions.The Great Depression had an immense impact on Arthur Miller, which he reflects in The American Clock, among other works. After the stock market crash of 1929, the Miller familys financial comfort drastically changed. Lannone illustrates their extreme change in lifestyle, The Depression struck the family hardthe garment business of Millers father began to declinethe family relocated to a cul de sac street in the Gravesend neighborhood of Brooklyn, where their once-prosperous life became ... ...rays injustice done to the common man and the confinement of America in All My Sons. In All My Sons, Joe attempts to wield his actions during the war, Who worked for nothing in that war? Its dollars and cents, war and peace half the godd amn country is gotta go if I go (Miller 150). Here, Miller portrays his view that high society is corrupt. This, he explains, is due to monolithic businesses and the governments negative influence and failure to aid small businesses, like his fathers during the Great Depression, which failed. Joe says, Thats the way they do George. A little man makes a mistake and they hang him up by the thumbs. The big ones become the ambassadors (Miller 411). The big ones represent big businesses and the government, which is evident in Millers intentional use of the word ambassador to create a governmental connotation.

A COUNTRY BOY CAN SURVIVE :: essays research papers

When the question what consitutes a snapper? is asked the variety ofanswers is astonishing. People think of rednecks as drunkards, racist, trashy,or even Monticello people. I have lived in Monticello for sixteen historic period andeven though most people are rednecks, not all. We chose Monticello to doour research because it was exactlly the atmosphere we were looking for. Inorder to be a redneck here, there are a few traits you must have, such(prenominal) as a heavy(a)hand truck, love the rebel flag, and dress the right way. A big truck doesntnecessarily mean a nice truck. intimately guys around here drive old, ragged,broke down trucks. The most common truck would be an older F-150s, aChevy Z-71, or a Toyota Tacoma. Most trucks will also have four wheeldrive, this comes in handy when you go muddin and get stuck. Many of thenewer nicer trucks have bigger tires, dual exhaust, a brush guard, and a liftkit. In Monticello, you are identified by your truck. Everyone knows whoeverybod y else is by what they drive. Most rednecks are seen as racist andprejudice against african americans. People think this because rednecks areknown for their love of the confederate flag. The confederate flag is a property of hereditary pattern in the south. It stands for what we are and where we come from. On our survey of fiftty people 73 percent agreed that the confederate flag wasa sign of heritage and not hate. Another trait that constitutes being a redneckwould be the way that you dress. Rednecks can be identified by their tightwrangler jeans, federation Outfitter shirts usually sporting a hutin, fishin, muddinlogo, boots and a cowboy hat. The majority of rednecks will drink, usuallyNatural (nasty) light or Bud Light. They also smoke or dip, usuallyMarlboro reds, or lights, and Copenhagen. Most people wonder what onearth is there to do in such a small town such as Monticello? Well, there arethree main things 1. Huntin 2. Fishin 3. Muddin. Although the typicalweekend would inc lude Huntin in the morning, fishin in the afternoon andmuddin at night we do dispense to go to at least one movie every once inawhile. Most of the guys have just recently taken to shootin pool, I amterrible at the game therefore I sit and watch most of the time. Along aboutearly November through late February every antheral above the age of 12 can befound in a deerstand at 5 a.m.. The idea of sitting on a wooden platform for